Firmness, sand, and bounce

There are a lot of factors involved with managing the firmness of turfgrass surfaces. I’ve been making a lot of measurements of firmness recently—actually I’ve been measuring this for a long time, come to think of it—and I share some of my recent observations in two PACE Turf updates and in this video. In particular, I’d like you to watch the video to see some of the firmness measurements and the ball reaction from actual shots.

• Firm greens: three general principles
• Fourteen years of firmness measurements: what I’ve learned

If this topic interests you, a search for “firmness” at PACE Turf turns up 80 results at the time I write this.